The aetiology of MIH remains relatively unclear with multiple studies unable to achieve a consensus on the cause other than that it is likely to be multifactorial.9 Some suggest that childhood...

More patients are undergoing orthodontic treatment and mild external root resorption is a common finding.1, 2 This is usually not clinically significant with a root length reduction commonly of 1−2...

The sequence of disease management includes three fundamental stages:.

A large number of factors will influence the treatment planning process and final treatment decision. These include patient factors, dental factors, orthodontic factors and soft tissue factors; these...

Prior to enforced extraction of a primary tooth, the following recommendations should be considered:.

Incognito™ is a lingual appliance system developed by Wiechmann using CAD/CAM technology.2 It has all the advantages of traditional lingual appliance systems, such as optimal aesthetics,...

Most osteotomies in healthy, non-syndromic individuals are planned following cessation of active facial growth,1,2,3 which is generally accepted to be at approximately 19 years of age in boys and 17...

The majority of aesthetic brackets are ceramic, composed from an aluminium oxide material. Originally, plastic brackets constructed from acrylic and later polycarbonate were introduced to improve the...

Since the initial suggestion that brackets could be placed behind the teeth in the 70s, several American orthodontists formed the Lingual Task Force to promote the use of lingual appliances. This has...

Align Technology first introduced Invisalign in 1999. To date over 58,000 dentists and orthodontists worldwide are Invisalign certified, with an estimated one million patients treated so far.5 It...