The effluent organisms from DUWLs essentially originate from the biofilms on the luminal surface of the water line. Biofilms are defined as an organized community of microbes attached to a biotic or...

A literature search was performed with the assistance of librarians at the BDA Information Centre using OVID search facility on Medline, EMBASE, CINALH and The Cochrane Library..

Chan-Myers et al investigated the bioburden level of lumened medical devices after clinical use and after cleaning in a hospital setting.1 The levels after clinical use were found to be relatively...