All relevant textbooks, bibliographies of major publications, and PubMed (Medline) data sources were searched, chosen, and used in this paper. Articles were also acquired from Google Scholar without...

Tables 1–6 summarize the findings from some of the key clinical studies on current remineralization approaches..

Common to both high-speed and speed-increasing handpieces is the friction grip (FG) bur, the component parts of which are shown in Figure 1. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)...

The natural formation of enamel (amelogenesis) is a complex biomineralization process involving cellular activity.

Indirect restorations are associated with a range of widely documented disadvantages, dating back to some of the earliest professional publications, for example: crowns are ‘a mausoleum of gold over a...

Fifty years ago, anterior teeth were restored with silicate cement and posterior teeth with amalgam. Gold inlays, onlays and crowns were considered superior restorations. Cohesive gold restorations...

Among the earliest publications on composite materials (now correctly termed resin composite) were two by Barnes and Kidd in 1980.6 In a comprehensive and well-illustrated (particularly by SEM images)...

Glass ionomer materials were first described in a patent in 1969,1 with the first publication being in 1972 by Wilson and Kent.2 They were originally considered to be a development of silicate...

A 14-year-old male patient of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity presented for a routine dental examination. His only presenting complaint was mild discomfort on chewing in the region of his retained deciduous...

He smoked 15 cigarettes per day, was of no fixed abode and took the following medications prescribed by his medical teams: sodium calcium edetate, thiamine, high-protein milk, copper citrate, sodium...