When guidelines are proposed for clinical care, there are various ways in which they can be developed, namely, an informal recommendation by a group of experts, a structured consensus, systematic...

The first step in therapy targets behaviour change by motivating the patient to undertake successful removal of supragingival dental biofilm and to control risk factors.6 It aims to build the...

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria, specifically their endotoxin. This is identified by the host and the resulting inflammation is largely responsible for the bony...

Subgingival instrumentation, through ultrasonic or hand instruments, aims to remove soft and calcified plaque deposits to re-establish a healthy biofilm and to prevent further accumulation of plaque....

The latest treatment guidance is based on a ‘stepwise’ approach to treatment, meaning that it should be carried out in an incremental manner. After establishing adequate oral hygiene practice,...

Regenerative periodontology requires an understanding of the biological principles of wound healing to enable the clinician to guide or manipulate the process clinically to attain optimal outcomes....

Supragingival PMPR can be carried out using hand instruments, ultrasonic devices, or a combination of both (Figure 1).11,12 PMPR should target sites where calculus and biofilm deposits are present....

There are several underlying factors that contribute to tooth mobility, which are important to identify as part of management. Common causes are outlined below..

Treatment of all patients affected by periodontitis should follow the step-by-step sequence as suggested in the S3-level guidelines.4Table 2 summarizes these steps. This initial guideline highlights...

Researchers have looked into the pathophysiology of peri-implant diseases by drawing parallels with periodontal diseases. Analogies between peri-implant mucositis and biofilm-induced gingivitis, as...

In line with the BSP S3-level treatment guidelines for the treatment of stage I–III periodontitis,3 full mouth periodontal charting, together with appropriate radiographic records, are required to...

The past 50 years has seen a number of significant changes in how we describe and diagnose periodontal disease. Having experienced two classification changes in my dental career, I understand and...