Periodontics
An apically positioned flap and free gingival graft around an implant
Matthew K MorrisFollowing informed consent, a periodontal examination was completed as defined by the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions.1 The clinical...
Demystifying the S3 guidelines: what do they actually mean?
Devan S RaindiWhen guidelines are proposed for clinical care, there are various ways in which they can be developed, namely, an informal recommendation by a group of experts, a structured consensus, systematic...
Step 1 for the treatment of periodontal diseases
Angeline KehThe first step in therapy targets behaviour change by motivating the patient to undertake successful removal of supragingival dental biofilm and to control risk factors.6 It aims to build the...
Step 2 for the treatment of periodontal diseases
Melissa ShemiePeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria, specifically their endotoxin. This is identified by the host and the resulting inflammation is largely responsible for the bony...
Step 2 for the treatment of periodontal diseases: adjunctive therapies
Kitty GuoSubgingival instrumentation, through ultrasonic or hand instruments, aims to remove soft and calcified plaque deposits to re-establish a healthy biofilm and to prevent further accumulation of plaque....
Step 3 for the treatment of periodontal diseases: non-regenerative periodontal surgery
Viren VithlaniThe latest treatment guidance is based on a ‘stepwise’ approach to treatment, meaning that it should be carried out in an incremental manner. After establishing adequate oral hygiene practice,...
Step 3 for the treatment of periodontal diseases: surgical regeneration of the periodontium
Devan S RaindiRegenerative periodontology requires an understanding of the biological principles of wound healing to enable the clinician to guide or manipulate the process clinically to attain optimal outcomes....
Step 4 for the treatment of periodontal diseases: implementing a supportive periodontal care programme
Stephanie LeylandSupragingival PMPR can be carried out using hand instruments, ultrasonic devices, or a combination of both (Figure 1).11,12 PMPR should target sites where calculus and biofilm deposits are present....
Management of mobile teeth
Chandni ShahThere are several underlying factors that contribute to tooth mobility, which are important to identify as part of management. Common causes are outlined below..
The perio–ortho interface: latest guidelines
Reena WadiaTreatment of all patients affected by periodontitis should follow the step-by-step sequence as suggested in the S3-level guidelines.4Table 2 summarizes these steps. This initial guideline highlights...
An update on the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases
Payvand MenhadjiResearchers have looked into the pathophysiology of peri-implant diseases by drawing parallels with periodontal diseases. Analogies between peri-implant mucositis and biofilm-induced gingivitis, as...
Prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with stage IV periodontitis
Mitul ShahIn line with the BSP S3-level treatment guidelines for the treatment of stage I–III periodontitis,3 full mouth periodontal charting, together with appropriate radiographic records, are required to...
Planing, probing and pockets: progress in perio or more of the same?
Ian DunnThe past 50 years has seen a number of significant changes in how we describe and diagnose periodontal disease. Having experienced two classification changes in my dental career, I understand and...
The free gingival graft
Alaa GuniRecession can have a multifactorial aetiology and, therefore, a careful history and examination are required, as well as appropriate investigation of the affected sites (Table 1). The mechanism of...
New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases
Svetislav ZaricMicrobial consortia in dental plaque have become the most characterized microbial communities in humans. Characterization of subgingival microbiota identified more than 500 species, some of which were...