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Assessment and management of halitosis

From Volume 42, Issue 4, May 2015 | Pages 346-353

Authors

Vijendra P Singh

MDS

Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia

Articles by Vijendra P Singh

Neeraj Malhotra

Assistant Professor, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India

Articles by Neeraj Malhotra

Abhishek Apratim

MDS

Assistant Professor, Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia

Articles by Abhishek Apratim

Madhu Verma

BDS

General Dental Practice, Lucknow, India

Articles by Madhu Verma

Abstract

Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that may be the origin of concern not only for a possible health condition but also for frequent psychological alterations which may lead to social and personal isolation. The most frequent sources of halitosis that exist in the oral cavity include bacterial reservoirs such as the dorsum of the tongue, saliva and periodontal pockets. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are the prominent elements of oral malodour. Genuine halitosis and pseudo-halitosis should be in the treatment realm of dental practitioners.

Clinical Relevance: Halitosis can be a symptom of underlying systemic disease, therefore the exact diagnosis and its source (oral or non-oral) is important in the proper approach to its management.

Article

The word halitosis is derived from the Latin word halitus, which means exhalation. Halitosis is a term used to refer to offensive or bad breath. Fetor exore, fetor oris and stomatodysodia (dysodia in Greek refers to stench) are other terms that have been used in literature to describe halitosis. Oral halitosis is the specific term used to describe halitosis that originates within the oral cavity.1,2 Breath malodour may be an important factor in social communication and, therefore, may be the origin of concern not only for a possible health condition but also for frequent psychological alterations leading to social and personal isolation. The importance of oral malodour goes beyond the knowledge of its cause, diagnosis and therapy because it interacts with other sociological issues such as culture, religion, race, sex and social taboos.

However, this condition was not studied scientifically until the 1940s and 1950s when Fosnick et al developed an instrument called the osmoscopy, which measures the sources of malodour. They demonstrated that this problem could be either physiologic or pathologic, and the source of bad breath could originate from the mouth, the nasopharynx, or various other parts of the body.

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