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Salivary biomarkers – an update

From Volume 39, Issue 8, October 2012 | Pages 566-572

Authors

Akhil Anilkumar Shankar

MDS

Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, YMT Dental College, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai – 410210, India

Articles by Akhil Anilkumar Shankar

Rishikesh Chandrasen Dandekar

MDS

Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MGV's Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Articles by Rishikesh Chandrasen Dandekar

Abstract

Saliva is the most easily available and accessible body fluid, which makes it one of the most sought after tools in diagnostic pathology. Markers expressed in saliva can be used for diagnosis and concurrent patient follow-up of diseases ranging from hereditary disorders to infections, as well as malignancies and also analysis of therapeutic levels of drugs. The emergence of hand-held devices has made possible the elucidation of point-of-care methods and research in the field has resulted in the assimilation of knowledge useful for clinical applications.

Clinical Relevance: This article describes some of the latest research in saliva diagnostics and provides some information on the various hand-held devices available.

Article

Saliva is the fluid secreted by the salivary glands of the oral cavity. It is easy to collect from the patient, as it does not require an invasive procedure.1 It performs various functions, such as lubrication, protection, digestion, and is mainly formed of two components, namely, macromolecular components consisting of the proteins present in the saliva or the molecules present in the saliva; and the fluid component which forms the bulk of saliva.2 The constituents of saliva are derived as a filtrate of plasma, obtained from the local vasculature,3 as well as from the gingival crevicular fluids which also contains serum constituents. Thus, saliva consists of various proteins in proportion to their serum levels, and these can be used as markers. The presence of these markers therefore makes it a useful tool in the diagnosis of various conditions. It can be used to detect a number of diseases, and the development of microchips for the collection and quantification of salivary constituents will offer still further possibilities for its use in point-of-care testing,4 making possible the potential development of ‘lab-on-a-chip’ platforms.1 To understand the existence of these proteins in saliva, a basis for the formation and stimulation of saliva is important.

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