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References

Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity – a review. Anaesth Int Care Med. 2009; 55:36-38
Ruetsch YA, Boni T, Borgeat A From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs. Curr Top Med Chem. 2001; 1:75-82
Malamed SF Local anesthetics: dentistry's most important drugs, clinical update 2006. J California Dent Assoc. 2006; 34:971-976
Malamed SF, Gagon S, Leblanc D The efficacy of articaine: a new amide local anesthetic. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000; 131:635-642
Becker DE, Reed KL Essential of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesth Prog. 2006; 53:(3)98-108
Malamed SF, 4th edn. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Inc; 1997
Gaffen AS, Haas DA Retrospective review of voluntary reports of nonsurgical paresthesia in dentistry. J Can Dent Assoc. 2009; 75
Jakobs W, Ladwig B, Cichon P, Ortel R, Kirch W Serum levels of articaine 2% and 4% in children. Anesth Prog. 1995; 42:113-115
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Malamed SF, 5th edn. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Inc; 2004
Brandt R, Anderson P, McDonald N, Sohn W, Peters M The pulpal anaesthetic efficacy of articaine versus lidocaine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142:(5)493-504
Yapp K, Hopcraft M, Parashos P Articaine: a review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2011; 210:323-329
Haas DA, Harper DG, Saso MA, Young ER Comparison of articaine and prilocaine anesthesia by infiltration in maxillary and mandibular arches. Anesth Prog. 1990; 37:230-237
Paxton K, Thome DE Efficacy of articaine formulations: quantitative review. Dent Clin North Am. 2010; 54:(4)643-653
Katyal V The efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine in dental treatment: a meta-analysis. J Dent. 2010; 38:307-317
Srinivasan N, Kavitha M, Longanathan C, Padmini G Comparison of the efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine for maxillary buccal infiltrations in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 107:133-136
Claffey E, Reader A, Nusstien J, Beck M, Weaver J Anaesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2004; 30:568-571
Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D Comparative evaluation of anaesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anaesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccal-plus-lingual infiltrations, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109:303-308
Robertson DJ, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M, McCartney M The anesthetic efficacy of articaine in buccal infiltration of mandibular posterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138:1104-1112
Jung IY, Kim JH, Kim ES, Lee CY, Lee SJ An evaluation of buccal infiltrations and inferior alveolar nerve blocks in pulpal anesthesia for mandibular first molars. J Endod. 2008; 34:11-13
Corbett IP, Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Meechan JG Articaine infiltration for anesthesia of mandibular first molars. J Endod. 2008; 34:514-518
Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Corbett IP, Meechan JG Articaine buccal infiltration enhances the effectiveness of Lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block. Int Endod J. 2009; 42:238-246
Vahatalo K, Antila H, Lehtinen R Articaine and Lidocaine for maxillary infiltration anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 1993; 40:114-116
Moore PA, Boynes SG, Hersh EV, DeRossi SS, Sollecito TP, Goodson JM, Leonel JS, Floros C, Peterson C, Hutcheson M The anesthetic efficacy of 4 percent articaine 1:200,000 epinephrine: two controlled clinical trials. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137:1572-1581
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Peñarrocha-Diago M, Sanchis-Bielsa JM Ophthalmologic complications after intraoral local anesthesia with articaine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000; 90:21-24
Kocer B, Ergan S, Nazliel B Isolated abducens nerve palsy following mandibular block articaine anesthesia, a first manifestation of multiple sclerosis: a case report. Quintessence Int. 2009; 40:251-256
Torrente-Castells E, Gargallo-Albiol J, Rodríguez-Baeza A, Berini-Aytés L, Gay-Escoda C Necrosis of the skin of the chin: a possible complication of inferior alveolar nerve block injection. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139:1625-1630
Elad S, Admon D, Kedmi M, Naveh E, Benzki E, Ayalon S, Tuchband A, Lutan H, Kaufman E The cardiovascular effect of local anesthesia with Articaine plus 1:200,000 adrenalin versus Lidocaine plus 1:100,000 adrenalin in medically compromised cardiac patients: a prospective, randomized, double blinded study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008; 105:725-730
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Malanin K, Kalimo K Hypersensitivity to the local anesthetic articaine hydrochloride. Anesth Prog. 1995; 42:144-145
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Articaine hydrochloride: is it the solution?

From Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2015 | Pages 88-93

Authors

Seyed Hamzeh Aghaie Kakroudi

DDS, MClinDent(Prosth)(Lond)

General Dental Practitioner and Postgraduate Student, King's College London

Articles by Seyed Hamzeh Aghaie Kakroudi

Shamir Mehta

Deputy Programme Director MSc Aesthetic Dentistry, King's College London

Articles by Shamir Mehta

Brian J Millar

BDS, FDS RCS, PhD, FHEA

Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, KCL, London, UK

Articles by Brian J Millar

Abstract

In recent times there has been raised interest regarding the use of articaine hydrochloride as a dental local anaesthetic solution. The use of articaine hydrochloride as a dental local anaesthetic agent has been reported to be safe and effective. Paraesthesia is a rare but unwanted adverse effect attributed to the use of this local anaesthetic in dentistry, particularly following the administration of a nerve block injection. There is no evidence to support the opinion that the use of articaine carries a greater associated risk of paraesthesia than with the use of any other local anaesthetic.

Clinical Relevance: The aim of this article is to review the relative merits of articaine hydrochloride against its documented potential drawbacks. The article will also aim to update readers on the use of articaine hydrochloride for local analgesia in dentistry, including the pharmacology, efficacy and safety concerns (including the risks of nerve paraesthesia) commonly associated with the administration of this agent.

Article

The first local anaesthetic introduced to the dental profession was cocaine in 1886.1,2 In 1905, procaine was developed by the German chemist, Alfred Einhorn. The popular use of procaine (Novocaine) continued into the mid 1940s. Both cocaine and procaine are ester-based compounds.3 Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine, was the first amide-based category of local anaesthetic to be synthesized in 1943 and marketed in 1949. Lidocaine very soon became recognized as being the ‘gold standard’ of dental local anaesthetics, and has since been followed by other amide-containing local anaesthetics, such as mepivacaine, prilocaine, articaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine.3

In 1976, articaine was introduced to the European dental market following its development in 19694 in Germany. Until 1984, the drug was referred to as Carticaine. It is generally available in two commercial formulations, as articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 adrenaline (A100), and 4% articaine hydrochloride with 1:200,000 adrenaline (A200). A popular brand of articaine in the UK is Septanest, marketed by Septodont. Other popular brand names include, Ubistesin and Ubistesin Forte (3M ESPE), Articadent (Dentsply), Zorcaine (Carestream Health/Kodak) and Astracaine (Dentsply, originally by AstraZeneca).

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