Just as at age 5, a series of audit records are undertaken at age 10 (Table 3, Part 1) including an assessment of speech, hearing and psychology, with parent and patient satisfaction and the outcome...

Globally, the incidence of cleft lip and palate is approximately 1.35 in every 1000 live births,1,2 meaning that a baby with a cleft is born somewhere in the world every 3.6 minutes. There is,...

Generally, there are two types of the smile, the posed and the spontaneous smile.3,4 The posed smile is a voluntary smile that is not elicited or accompanied by emotions; it is unstrained and static...

A major problem for the dentist in dealing with the midline diastema is the decision to intervene or not to intervene during the early mixed dentition period. As it is widely stated and presumed that...

The true value of all pre-restorative orthodontics is to reduce the amount of invasive dentistry required and increase the longevity of any restorative work planned. The success of alignment and...

Successful skeletal anchorage is the main biological concept behind these devices and this offers two possibilities:.

James was born on 15 July 1989 and was diagnosed with a bilateral cleft lip and palate. There was no family history of clefting and no predisposing factors were identified within the history..

In 1995, the Department of Health asked the Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG) to investigate cleft care provision in the UK and, following their extensive investigation, they published a number...

Canine development commences at 4–5 months of age, high in the maxilla, lateral to the piriform fossa, and has the longest path of eruption at 22 mm.6 Crown calcification starts at 1 year, between the...

The majority of aesthetic brackets are ceramic, composed from an aluminium oxide material. Originally, plastic brackets constructed from acrylic and later polycarbonate were introduced to improve the...

Anterior crossbite occurs when one, or more, lower incisor teeth occlude anterior to the upper incisor teeth. If left untreated, it may cause attrition to the labial surface of the upper incisor,...

White spot lesions occur as a consequence of repeated episodes of mineral loss from the enamel into the surrounding saliva and plaque. The mineral is initially lost from the enamel surface, however,...

Since the initial suggestion that brackets could be placed behind the teeth in the 70s, several American orthodontists formed the Lingual Task Force to promote the use of lingual appliances. This has...

Align Technology first introduced Invisalign in 1999. To date over 58,000 dentists and orthodontists worldwide are Invisalign certified, with an estimated one million patients treated so far.5 It...