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References

Littlewood S, Russell JS, Spencer RJ Why do orthodontic cases relapse?. Ortho Update. 2:38-44
British Standards Institute.London: BSI; 1983
McNally M, Mullin M, Dhopatkar A, Rock WP Orthodontic retention: why when and how?. Dent Update. 2003; 30:446-452
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Meade MJ, Millett D Retention protocols and use of vacuum-formed retainers among specialist orthodontists. J Orthod. 2013; 40:318-325
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Angle EH, 7th edn. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Mfg; 1907
Hawley C A removable retainer. Int J Orthod. 1919; 2:291-298
Bearn DR Bonded orthodontic retainers: a review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995; 108:207-213
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Rowland H, Hichens L, Williams A The effectiveness of Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 132:730-737
Hichens L, Rowland H, Williams A Cost-effectiveness and patient satisfaction: Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers. Eur J Orthod. 2007; 29:372-378
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Bjering R, Birkeland K, Vandevska-Radunovic V Anterior tooth alignment: a comparison of orthodontic retention regimens 5 years posttreatment. Angle Orthod. 2014;
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Vacuum-formed retainers: an overview

From Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2015 | Pages 24-34

Authors

Maurice J Meade

Orthodontic Unit, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic of Ireland

Articles by Maurice J Meade

Declan T Millett

BDSc, DDS, FDSRCPSGlasg, FDSRCSEng, DOrthRCSEng, MOrthRCSEng, FHEA

Professor of Orthodontics/Consultant, Orthodontic Unit, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic of Ireland

Articles by Declan T Millett

Abstract

The need for long-term retention following orthodontic treatment is now considered essential to prevent post-orthodontic treatment relapse. The vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) has gained popularity in recent times. This paper describes briefly the characteristics of VFRs and summarizes the evidence in relation to their effectiveness.

Clinical Relevance: VFRs are now widely used after orthodontic treatment and it is important that clinicians adopt an evidenced-based approach to their use.

Article

Retention is the phase of orthodontic treatment that attempts to maintain teeth in their corrected positions after active tooth movement.1 It aims, therefore, to prevent relapse which is defined as the return, following correction, of the features of the original malocclusion.2 Although, rather erroneously, patients may consider relapse to include age changes unrelated to orthodontic treatment,1,3 this is not what is regarded here for the purposes of retention.

The rationale for maintaining the teeth in their treated position is to:

The principal method of retention involves the use of an orthodontic retainer. The choice of retainer depends on many factors, such as:

Research has shown that relapse occurs in patients with and without orthodontic retainers.9,10 There appears to be agreement that lifetime retention is necessary if relapse is to be minimal.7,11 Wide variation exists, however, in the retention regimes prescribed by orthodontists.7,11,12

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