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References

Krishnan V, Daniel ST, Lazar D, Asok A Characterization of posed smile by using visual analog scale, smile arc, buccal corridor measures, and modified smile index. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 133:515-523
Hassebrauck M The visual process method: a new method to study physical attractiveness. Evolution Human Behavior. 1998; 19:111-123
Van der Geld P, Oosterveld P, Van Heck G, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality. Angle Orthod. 2007; 77:759-765
Ackerman JL, Ackerman MB, Brensinger CM, Landis JR A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998; 1:2-11
Kokich VO, Kokich VG, Kiyak HA Perceptions of dental professionals and laypersons to altered dental esthetics: asymmetric and symmetric situations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 130:141-151
Batwa W, Hunt NP, Petrie A, Gill D Effect of occlusal plane on smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod. 2012; 82:218-223
Geron S, Atalia W Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod. 2005; 75:778-784
Sarver DM The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 120:98-111
Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002; 36:221-236
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003; 124:4-12
Alkhatib MN, Holt R, Bedi R Prevalence of self-assessed tooth discolouration in the United Kingdom. J Dent. 2004; 32:561-566
Dunn WJ, Murchison DF, Broome JC Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996; 5:166-171
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Van der Geld P, Oosterveld P, Berge SJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM Tooth display and lip position during spontaneous and posed smiling in adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008; 66:207-213
Sarver DM Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 1. Shape and proportionality of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004; 126:749-753
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Smile analysis: what to measure

From Volume 41, Issue 6, July 2014 | Pages 483-489

Authors

Waeil Batwa

BDS, MSc, MOrth RCS(Eng), FFD Orth(RCSI)

Assistant Professor and Consultant Orthodontist, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Saudi Arabia

Articles by Waeil Batwa

Balpreet Grewal

BDS, IQE, MJDF

Honorary StR in Orthodontics, Barts and the Royal London Hospital, London

Articles by Balpreet Grewal

Daljit Gill

BDS(Hons), BSc(Hons), MSc, FDS RCS, MOrth RCS, FDS(Orth) RCS(Eng), FHEA

Locum Consultant Orthodontist, The Royal London, Oxford Radcliffeand Stoke Mandeville Hospitals

Articles by Daljit Gill

Abstract

Patients seek dental treatment to improve oral function as well as their attractiveness. In order to improve smile attractiveness, clinicians need to carry out a comprehensive smile assessment. The aim of this paper is to help clinicians to adopt a systematic approach toward smile assessment by introducing a smile assessment form.

Clinical Relevance: Smile analysis is an essential part of smile diagnosis. A smile assessment form will assist clinicians in identifying and recording smile features for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Article

The smile, which is often used to show pleasure and amusement, can be defined as the facial expression that is characterized by upward curving of the corners of the mouth.1 It is the second facial feature, after the eyes, that people tend to look at when evaluating the attractiveness and beauty of others,2 and it is equally important for both genders.3

Generally, there are two types of the smile, the posed and the spontaneous smile.3,4 The posed smile is a voluntary smile that is not elicited or accompanied by emotions; it is unstrained and static in the sense that it can be sustained with fairly reproducible lip animation.4 The reproducibility of the posed smile in natural head position makes it amenable to orthodontic treatment planning.3 The spontaneous smile is an involuntary smile with animated lip elevation induced by joy. It is dynamic in the sense that it bursts forth but is not sustained. It can be said that it expresses authentic human emotion.4

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