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Bone defects of the jaws: moving from reconstruction to regeneration Elena Kyriakidou Norma O'Connor Nicholas J Malden Victor R Lopes Dental Update 2024 41:7, 707-709.
Authors
ElenaKyriakidou
BDS, MFDS, MClinDent, MOralSurg
Academic Clinical Fellow/Specialty Trainee in Oral Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield
Professor of the Combined Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Edinburgh Dental Institute and St John's Hospital, Livingston, UK
Jaw reconstruction is necessary for a variety of reasons including neoplastic disease, traumatic injuries, infective/inflammatory lesions, and congenital defects. Such defects can be a significant handicap for patients leading to physiological and psychological morbidity. Maxillofacial bone reconstruction remains challenging for the reconstructive surgeon; yet it has evolved significantly over recent years. The current state of the art reconstruction is via the use of vascularized osseous flaps. Modern developments in regenerative medicine propose a future for stem cells in the regeneration of bone for jaw defects.
Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of the current methods of reconstruction and advances in the field of tissue engineering is of interest to dental clinicians.
Article
The mandible is the strongest and largest bone in the face and plays a central role in function and aesthetics in the oral and maxillofacial region.1 It is the only unpaired and movable facial bone and it outlines the profile and appearance of the lower face.2 The muscles of mastication attach to the mandible aiding mandibular movements and functions such as speech, airway support, swallowing and mastication.3
Maxillofacial bone defects may be due to:
The most common indication for maxillofacial bone reconstruction is following ablation of neoplastic disease. Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents 3–4% of total body cancer in the UK with incidence rate of 2.8/100000.4,5
Ameloblastoma (Figure 1) is the commonest benign neoplasm of the jaws and typically affects the posterior mandible. It is an odontogenic tumour which exhibits a locally aggressive behaviour and, despite its slow growth, is extremely invasive and rarely metastases. Its treatment comprises a wide surgical excision with 2 cm margin frequently leaving a considerable mandibular defect.6,7 Malignant variants of ameloblastoma are seen in two forms:
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