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References

Children with Cancer UK. Rhabdomyosarcoma in children with cancer. 2022. https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/rhabdomyosarcoma/ (accessed March 2022)
Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J. Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Crit Rev Oncog. 2015; 20:227-243 https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevoncog.2015013800
Ognjanovic S, Linabery AM, Charbonneau B, Ross JA. Trends in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma incidence and survival in the United States, 1975–2005. Cancer. 2009; 115:4218-4226 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24465
Paulino AC, Okcu MF. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Curr Probl Cancer. 2008; 32:7-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2007.11.001
Khosla D, Sapkota S, Kapoor R Adult rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. J Cancer Res Ther. 2015; 11:830-844 https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.144637
McCarville MB, Spunt SL, Pappo AS. Rhabdomyosarcoma in pediatric patients: the good, the bad, and the unusual. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001; 176:1563-15639 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.6.1761563
Kline NE, Sevier N. Solid tumors in children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2003; 18:96-102 https://doi.org/10.1053/jpdn.2003.12
Perez EA, Kassira N, Cheung MC Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: a SEER population based study. J Surg Res. 2011; 170:e243-251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.001
Barr F. Soft tissue tumors: alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009; 13:981-985 https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/44650
Murray IR, Péault B. Q&A: Mesenchymal stem cells–where do they come from and is it important?. BMC Biol. 2015; 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-015-0212-7
Mondal K, Mandal R. Congenital anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as abdominal wall mass. Iran J Pathol. 2016; 11:80-84
Hettmer S, Archer NM, Somers GR Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma in TP53 germline mutation carriers. Cancer. 2014; 120:1068-1075 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28507
Correa H. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet. 2016; 5:84-88 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1579759
Jongmans MC, Hoogerbrugge PM, Hilkens L Noonan syndrome, the SOS1 gene and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2010; 49:635-641 https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.20773
Sultan I, Qaddoumi I, Yaser S Comparing adult and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program, 1973 to 2005: an analysis of 2,600 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:3391-3397 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7483
Childs SK, Kozak KR, Friedmann AM Proton radiotherapy for parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical outcomes and late effects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 82:635-642 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.11.048

A Case of Mistaken Identity: The Importance of Recognizing Red Flag Symptoms

From Volume 49, Issue 4, April 2022 | Pages 297-299

Authors

Amandeep Bains

BDS(Hons), MFDS RCPS(Glasg)

Dental Core Trainee 2, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Foundation Trust

Articles by Amandeep Bains

Email Amandeep Bains

Hiba Chaudhry

BSc (Hons), BDS, MFDS RCPS (Glasg)

Dental Core Trainee 2, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Foundation Trust

Articles by Hiba Chaudhry

Anusha Hennedige

MBChB, BDS, MSc, FRCS(OMFS)

Consultant Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

Articles by Anusha Hennedige

Mazhar Iqbal

OMFS

Consultant, Craniofacial Department, Alder Hey Children's Hospital

Articles by Mazhar Iqbal

Abstract

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common paediatric soft tissue sarcoma. They comprise 40% of soft tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents. The overall 5-year survival rate in childhood is 71% with a worsening prognosis during infancy. The survival rate for children diagnosed at 10–14 years is 50%. The case of a 10-year-old female is presented to highlight the importance of awareness of atypical presentations of swellings. This report presents a case where a facial swelling was originally believed to be an odontogenic-related infection, but revealed to be a rhabdomyosarcoma.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The importance of a thorough history, examination and the recognition of salient features to ensure appropriate referral and adequate treatment without delay are highlighted.

Article

A rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant neoplasm and is the most common paediatric soft tissue sarcoma.1 Soft tissue sarcomas comprise 7% of all malignancies in children and adolescents, with 40% of these being RMS. The incidence of RMS is 4.5 cases per million per year. Tumours are typically associated with skeletal muscle lineage, and half of cases occur in the first decade of life.3 The most common site of presentation is the head and neck, followed by the genitourinary system.4

Dental practitioners frequently encounter cases of children with facial swelling and pain. In most of these cases, dental abscess is considered the cause, and treatment is prescribed accordingly. However, in a minority of cases, the presentation, albeit like an odontogenic infection, could in fact be something more sinister, and dental practitioners need to be vigilant about looking out for red flags. Prompt management is essential to increase chances of survival. Taken together, we can conclude that in children, any swelling should be carefully examined and treatment outcomes should be regularly followed up. Rarely, these swellings may have a more sinister underlying pathology and clinicians need to be alert in looking out for these cases to increase chances of survival. High degree of suspicion, early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary treatment approach is of great importance in such cases.

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