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The impact of medication on the periodontium: a review of the literature
From Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2018 | Pages 256-265
Article
Periodontal disease is a complex inflammatory disease that affects the soft and hard periodontal structures; including the gingivae, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.1 Periodontal disease is plaque-related2 and initiated by bacteria, with the clinical determinants of host response and genetic environmental risk factors influencing the severity and extent of disease.3,4,5,6
Although the main aetiology of periodontal disease is poor oral hygiene and the presence of dental plaque, certain medications can exacerbate existing periodontal disease. Phenytoin, cyclosporine and calcium-channel blocking antihypertensive drugs are the most commonly quoted drugs related to gingival disease; however, other medications can have an adverse effect on the periodontium, especially in the presence of suboptimal oral hygiene (Table 1).7,8,9,10
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